Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction in Evolution

The mechanism for evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is the process that decides which adaptations for a given environment are favorable and which are not as desirable. If a trait is the favored adaptation, then individuals that have the genes that code for that characteristic will live long enough to reproduce and pass down those genes to the next generation. In order for natural selection to work on a population, there must be diversity. To get diversity in the individuals, genetics need to be different and different phenotypes must be expressed. This is all dependent upon the type of reproduction the species undergoes. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from one parent. There is no mating or mixing of genetics in asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction results in a clone of the parent, meaning the offspring have identical DNA as the parent. There is usually no variation from generation to generation in a species population that relies on asexual reproduction. One way for an asexually reproducing species to get some diversity is through mutations at the DNA level. If there is a mistake in mitosis or the copying of the DNA, then that mistake will be passed down to the offspring, thereby possibly changing its traits. Some mutations do not change the phenotype, however, so not all mutations in asexual reproduction result in variations in the offspring.​ Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction happens when a female gamete (or sex cell) unites with a male gamete. The offspring is a genetic combination of the mother and the father. Half of the offsprings chromosomes come from its mother and the other half come from its father. This ensures the offspring are genetically different from their parents and even their siblings. Mutations can also happen in sexually reproducing species to further add to the diversity of the offspring. The process of meiosis, which creates the gametes used for sexual reproduction, has built-in ways to increase diversity as well. This includes crossing over, which ensures the resulting gametes are all different genetically. Independent assortment of the chromosomes during meiosis and random fertilization also add to the mixing up of genetics and possibility of more adaptations in offspring. Reproduction and Evolution Generally, it is believed that sexual reproduction is more conducive to driving evolution than asexual reproduction. With much more genetic diversity available for natural selection to work on, evolution can happen over time. When evolution does occur in asexually reproducing populations, it typically happens very quickly after a sudden mutation. There usually is not a long time of accumulating adaptations like there is in sexually reproducing populations. An example of this relatively quick evolution can be seen in drug resistance in bacteria.

The Two Kinds of Evil According to Augustine Essay

God is omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent, which makes us wonder what kind of morally sufficient reason justifies God to allow evil. We know that evil exists in our world, but so does God, so would God be the source of evil as well as good? We have established that God is the omnipotent and benevolent free creator of the world, but suffering and evil exist. Is God unable to prevent evil? If so, he would not be omnipotent. Is He able to prevent the evil in our world but unwilling? If this were then case then he wouldn’t be benevolent. A Persian thinker, Mani, suggested that the answer to this question was a kind of duality between the good and evil. This pluralistic view of the good and evil in our world would suggest that God is†¦show more content†¦Is all evildoing due to inordinate desires? For instance, when you kill someone out of self-defense, would that be considered an inordinate desire? Two laws determine the criteria by which we are allowed to kill: t he eternal law and the temporal law . When we give in to our lustful desires, we receive temporal punishment, which is when we suffer for attaching ourselves to things that are lost against our will. Therefore, humans are only susceptible to temporal punishment if we commit evil acts through lust . Most of the time, our temporal punishments are results of evil actions except in a few cases when eternal law coincides with the temporal law. For instance, if a person using self-defense kills someone then they would be excused from their sins in the eternal world if they were true in their actions, whether or not they are proven innocent by temporal law . He also comments on a soldier in war and explaining his action of killing an enemy is â€Å"then acting as an agent of the law, and thus easily does his duty without lust† . Both the eternal and temporal laws guarantee a perfect order, but what exactly does this mean? Augustine says that there is a hierarchy of value with G od above all, then comes humans because we have rational thought and will to live well. After humans are animals which will to live, but do not reason, then there are plants, which live but do not will to do so or possess the ability to reason . Therefore, aShow MoreRelatedAugustine s Confessions By John Augustine Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pageswhich many Americans face today. That is evil. Evil is everywhere in the world. Augustine lost his mistress, mother and even his own son in the book. He had to also figure out why god is punishing people with these action. So found out the answer to the evil, Augustine ask why is God good and still allows suffering to exist. Augustine found out that evil because of the free will that people have. God lets human pick what to do with their lives and the evil comes from the choices which you have decidedRead More Augustines confessions Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthis world evil is constantly seen all around us. Because God is the author of all things in this world, and he is good, theists must then ask themselves what evil is and where it came from. Augustine sets up an argument I his Confessions that attempts to define evil, and in doing so he explains its existence. To follow this argument, it is important to realize that Augustine accepts some basic precepts regarding God and His creation. To begin with, God is the author of everything. Augustine says, â€Å"nothingRead MoreEssay on The Problem of Evil1269 Words   |  6 Pages300 The Problem of Evil One of the most interesting questions in the world is, â€Å"If a God exists, why is there evil in the world?† Most people respond with, â€Å"If God created the universe and us, then there should not be evil in the world,† when asked about God or any other powerful being. The problem of evil is also believed to be the cause of Atheism, and I do believe that there is a solution for this. The problem of evil is not a correct argument. The arguments from evil state that if thereRead MoreQuestions For A Philosopher On The Real World1505 Words   |  7 Pages According to Augustine there are two essential questions for a philosopher examining the real world. The first question has to do with the human soul, in which we would concentrate on examining the self. And the second question has to do with God, which helps us better understand our existence. We become more capable of a happy life by getting to better know ourselves. However, the only way we can become truly happy is by getting to know who God is. By knowing both your self and by knowing who GodRead MoreAugustine’s Conception of Sin in Confessions 1700 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will write about Augustine and his thoughts and ideas on sin in the Confessions, where sin originates and whether or not I believe that Augustine’s conception of sin has a place in modern society. From all of this I will conclude that through Augustines work and findings, Augustine’s conception of the human person and their human actions are somewhat relevant today, due to th e fact Augustine set a standard for what human nature is, known as the ability to desire, think and do, yetRead MorePlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pagesargued that conduct comes from a reference to this world of forms. By this argument, there is an eternal idea or form of each moral principle, such as justice, piety or truth. This essay will discuss the ethics of Plato, Socrates and St. Augustine According to Plato, evil is simply the result of ignorance. He believed that all people are attempting to do what they understand as good. He believes there are three parts of the soul. There is a rational and moral part of the soul that loves truth, justiceRead MoreThe Just War Theory Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the Just War theory and how did it pertain to St. Augustine? According to Augustine there is no private right to kill. According to Paul Ramsey opposes in The Just War, Christian participation in warfare â€Å"was not actually an exception to the commandment, â€Å"you shall not murder† but instead an expression of the Christian understanding of moral and political responsibility. One can kill only under the authority of God. St. Augustine argued that Christian rulers had such an obligation to makeRead MoreAugustine Returns From His Studies At Carthage And He1269 Words   |  6 PagesAugustine returns to Thagaste from his studies at Carthage and he start s to teach rhetoric, making friends and looking for a promising career. In this book he speaks of the conflicts in his mind. Though he is turning towards God he continues his sinful ways. He is oscillating between two world - a material world and what is God s relation to such a world. This kind of life led to his self destruction . He says that he was being seduced and seducing, being deceived and deceiving. He is lookingRead MoreHappiness and Sin: A Two-Sided Coin The American dream is based on one thing, happiness, but what1100 Words   |  5 PagesHappiness and Sin: A Two-Sided Coin The American dream is based on one thing, happiness, but what is happiness? Happiness is usually characterized as, something that makes you feel, fulfillment, joy, and pleasure. However I think happiness is different for everyone, and ever changing depending on where you are in life, and my life is a perfect example of this. A years ago if you asked me what happiness was, I would have told you, I was experiencing pure happiness. I had a job that paid well, a niceRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy1451 Words   |  6 Pagesanswers that are still up to debate. Augustine, a highly respected philosopher and theologian, used his understanding of human life in theology in order to answer this intensely sought out question. Rather Socrates, also a highly respected philosopher, shifted away from using a theological undertone and foundation, and looked solely to knowledge for and as the answer. Socrates believed that knowing the nature of good leads to the best way of living , while Augustine believed that the root of wrongdoing

Acquisitions Postacquisition Performance - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Acquisitions Postacquisition Performance? Answer: Introducation Impairment tests are an essential process that is undertaken by each corporate entity in order to make sure that the assets have not been understated or overstated. The particular problem that the organizations face is the identification of the assets that need to be impaired. However, the accounting regulations and procedures list down the assets that do not require the impairment test. These inventories, deferred tax assets and non-current assets are held for sales. This particular study is aimed towards the identification of the issues in regards to when to undertake an impairment test (Saastamoinen and Pajunen 2016). The process of impairment refers to the un-estimated or the unexpected decline in the utility of an asset in regards to the service provided by the particular asset. Impairment is different from depreciation as depreciation refers to the planned reduction in the value of the asset. The scope of impairment also includes the act of obsolescence of the assets due to innovation of the technological implementations in the firm or alterations in the legislation (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). The Australian Accounting Standards Board in AASB 136 mentions the situations that leads to the impairment of a particular asset. An asset is impaired when the carrying amount of that particular asset is more than the recoverable amount. The Australian Accounting Standards Board makes it compulsory for the entities to ascertain the fact that whether there are any indications for the impairment of the assets at each reporting date. In the existence of such an indication, the recoverable amount of the particular asset has to be determined (Saastamoinen and Pajunen 2016). Moreover, the intangible asset of goodwill that has been acquired as a result of the business combination, must be tested for impairment annually Furthermore, the entity also has to test an intangible asset with indefinite useful life for impairment in spite of the absence of an indication (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Thus, it has been clear from the discussion in the preceding paragraphs that the assets that must be tested annually for impairment are as follows: Assets that display indications in regards to the impairment tests Intangible assets that have an indefinite life Goodwill that has been acquired as a result of business combination The indicators in regards to the impairment of an asset that have been stated in the accounting principles provided by AASB 136 have been segregated into two sources namely external sources and internal sources. The external sources that are treated as indicators for impairment of an asset are as follows: The fall in the market value of the assets is a potential indication for execution of the impairment test of the assets. This might be due to the improvement in the technological implementation within the firm (Boennen and Glaum 2014) The changes that are adverse in nature in regards to the environment or market in which the entity operates. This might be explained by the singular example of a competitor firm that has acquired the patent of a new product that results in the fall in the market share of the entity (Boennen and Glaum 2014) The increase in the rates of interest also leads to the impairment of the assets (Yao, Percy and Hu 2015). The capitalization of the market might be a potential indicator of asset impairment (Yao, Percy and Hu 2015) The internal sources of potential indicators include: The physical damage or obsolescence of a particular asset might be a potential indictor for the impairment of the asset The alteration in the utilization of the asset The economic performance by a particular asset being worse than estimated The procedure for the impairment test for an individual asset can be conducted by the determination of the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is higher of the two financial components of fair value of the asset and the value in use of that asset (Su and Wells 2015). To be more precise, the comparison between the recoverable amount and the carrying amount of the asset is drawn. If the recoverable amount is more than the carrying amount then the asset has invariably passed the impairment test. On the other hand, if the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount then the impairment test has resulted in a loss. The determination of the fair value of a particular asset can be carried out by finding out the value hierarchy (Su and Wells 2015). The value in use of a particular asset refers to the present value of the future cash flows that is estimated to be obtained from the particular asset. The elements that are to be considered while determining the value in use of the asset are the estimation of the future cash flows, estimated variations in the future cash flows, the time value of money and the associated risk. The appendix of the AASB 136 lists down the two approaches for determining the value in use are traditional approach and the expected cash flow approach. The rates of discount that is used in determining the value in use of a particular asset should invariably reflect the time value of money and the risks in relation to the particular asset for which the future cash flows have not been adjusted (Linnenluecke caes et al., 2015). The impairment test for a particular asset that results in a loss is recognized by the amount is less that the carrying amount of that particular asset in regards to the recoverable amount of that asset. The impairment loss, according to AASB 136 should be immediately recognized in the income statement or the profit or loss statement of the company. Moreover, the amount that has been computed as an impairment loss that exceeds the carrying amount of the asset should only be recorded as a liability if it is required by another AASB standard. Post the realization of the impairment loss, the depreciation or the amortization amount also has to be adjusted in the future periods for the allocation of the revised carrying amount of the asset (Linnenluecke caes et al., 2015). References Boennen, S. and Glaum, M., 2014. Goodwill accounting: A review of the literature. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136. Accounting Finance, 56(1), pp.259-288. Bugeja, M. and Loyeung, A., 2015. What drives the allocation of the purchase price to goodwill?. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11(3), pp.245-261. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment. Accounting Finance, 55(4), pp.911-929. Saastamoinen, J. and Pajunen, K., 2016. Management discretion and the role of the stock market in goodwill impairment decisions-evidence from Finland. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 8(2), pp.172-195. Su, W.H. and Wells, P., 2015. The association of identifiable intangible assets acquired and recognised in business acquisitions with postacquisition firm performance. Accounting Finance, 55(4), pp.1171-1199. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. and Hu, F., 2015. Fair value accounting for non-current assets and audit fees: Evidence from Australian companies. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11(1), pp.31-45. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. and Hu, F., 2015. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11, pp.31-45.